Some hints for identifying bones...

Bone protrusions are usually:
a. attachment points for tendons (bone to muscle)
     and ligaments (bone to bone)
b. part of a moveable joint 
c. guides for a blood vessel, nerves, or tendons

For appendicular bones, decide which is the anterior surface
and which is the posterior surface and whether it is from
the right or left side of the body. Knowing R vs L is essential
if you are to correctly identify features indicated as medial or lateral.

Recognize that the name of a part of a bone gives you hints about where it is &          what it does. For example, the olecranon process fits into the olecranon                      fossa = your elbow joint)

                                    Axial Skeleton: vertebrae, sternum, ribs

Vertebral Column  =  3 groups of vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx
How many vertebrae are in each grouping? 
Cervical = 7       Thoracic = 12      Lumbar = 5





















​General Features of Vertebrae:  
 vertebral body
 transverse process
 spinous process
 vertebral foramen              
 intervertebral foramina
 superior & inferior articular facets
 

 
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​Cervical Vertbrae   (C1- C7)    
   C1 =  “atlas”   
   C2 =  “axis”  with odontoid process
   C1 - C7 have transverse foramina 
  











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​
​Thoracic Vertebrae   (T1-T12)
 costal facet  (head of rib fits here)
 transverse costal facet 
      (tubercle of rib fits here)
 spinous processes
     (longer, downward shape compared to
               cervical & lumbar vertebrae)
 







​
 Lumbar Vertebrae   (L1-L5)
 “chunkier” than cervical or thoracic vertebrae







​
  
 Sacral Vertebrae / Sacrum
  fusion of five sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)
  articulates with L5 and coccyx    
  sacral canal     
  sacral hiatus
  sacral foramina  
  sacral promontory  
  anterior surface of S1            
  median sacral crest
            and your tailbone...
 Coccyx/ ​coccygeal vertebrae

  
















​
                                                        Thoracic Cage = 
           Sternum + Ribs + Costal cartilage + Thoracic Vertebrae                  
  Sternum
  manubrium
  body
  xiphoid process
  

  Ribs/Costal Bones:   
   12 pairs of ribs
      7 pairs of  “true ribs”
      3 pairs of  “false ribs”
      2 pairs floating ribs
   costal cartilage













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​
   Rib w/
     shaft (body)
     tubercle
     neck
     head












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Part 2:
Appendicular Skeleton = shoulder girdle + pelvic girdle  + upper & lower extremities

ouch

                            Axial Skeleton
                               The Skull               
        Skull =  cranial bones +  facial bones   

Cranial Bones: 
   Parietal (2)
   Occipital (1)
   Sphenoid (1)
   Temporal (2)
   Frontal (1)
   Ethmoid (1)

Facial Bones: 
    Mandible (1)
    Maxillae (2)
    Lacrimal (2)
    Nasal (2)
    Zygomatic (2) 
    Vomer (1)
    Palatine (2)






​

Skull Sutures (joints):
​Identify the bones each suture joins
   squamous suture        
   coronal suture       
   sagittal suture
   lambdoidal suture       

                                       










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​Frontal Bone:  
  supraorbital foramen 














​​Temporal bones:                    
  mandibular fossa                 
  zygomatic process        
  mastoid process                          
  styloid process                
  




​         



Occipital Bone:                                
  occipital condyles
  foramen magnum  
  









Sphenoid Bone:
 
  superior &  inferior orbital fissures             
  sella turcica
  

​Ethmoid:                                    
  cribriform plate
      forms roof of nasal cavity
  cribform foramina  
  









​

​Mandible: 
  body & ramus of mandible                                     condylar process
​     also called mandicular process
  mental foramen
  
  





​Maxillae: 
  palatine processes    
  incisive fossa

Lacrimal Bone:
  lacrimal fossa
  





​

Paranasal Sinuses = air-filled space w/in          skull bones:
  Frontal 
  Ethmoid
  Sphenoid
​  Maxillary








​Hyoid Bone:
  does not articulate with any other bone.
  serves as attachment site for muscles of          tongue and neck

Part 1:
 The Axial Skeleton:
​Axial Skeleton = skull + thoracic cage + vertebral column 

 The Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae and Ribs