Tay Sachs Disease

                   Types of bonds/forces that occur between amino acids in a polypeptide:
1. Hydrophobic interactions
The "R" group of the amino acid is either hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
Amino acids with hydrophilic "R" groups will seek contact with their watery environment, while amino acids with hydrophobic "R" groups will seek to avoid water and position themselves towards the center of the protein.​
2.  Hydrogen bonding
Occurs between polar amino acid "R" groups.
3.  Ionic bonding
Occurs between the positively and negatively charged "R" groups.
4. Disulfide bridge
Oxidation of Sulfur containing R groups on cysteine hold different parts of the protein chain together via covalent bonds

why??

             ...and many pathologies occur when there are deficiencies in enzyme production such as...

    Here is the formula for a catabolic (degradative) enzymatic reaction:
                              enzyme
    substrate  ------------------->  product + product​

Protein monomers are called amino acids and also called peptides (old timey)

Proteins

ex: peptidases break peptide bonds between amino acids.
These enzymes attack either the carboxy-terminal or amino-terminal, liberating the the amino acid from the chain. 

   Here is the formula for a general enzymatic reaction:
                            enzyme
    substrate  ------------------->  product​

C6H12O6= monosaccharide

this is waaayyyyy important!
more on this later... 

trans fats not only raise LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels (as saturated fats also do), they also lower levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol. 

DNA and RNA are polymers
made of monomers called nucleotides

  Regulating enzyme activity...

  Why would  this be necessary??

Phospholipids:
made from one glycerol, TWO fatty acids and one phosphate group. Phospholipids make up allll cell membranes 

btw...we'll explore DNA/RNA in
​Section 3

processes used to create/degrade lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

          Here is the formula for an anabolic (synthetic) enzymatic reaction:
                                                enzyme
    substrate + substrate ------------------->  product​

   btw...a peptide bond is just the name of a covalent bond found between amino acids in proteins.​

Lipids (fats)

(C6H12O6)2 = disaccharide

            Most  biological processes have ALOT of       
       "steps", each facilitated by a different enzyme. 

 how are organic polymers made and how are they broken down??

examples of fatty acids

The sequence of the amino acids determines how those amino acids interact with one another which determines how the protein folds which determines its final shape/structure.
Structure/shape of a protein determines its Function! 

More on DNA, RNA in Section 3

Nucleic Acids:
DNA, ​RNA, ATP

  A HEXA gene mutation causes a deficiency of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A which is necessary for the break down of a fatty molecule called GM2 ganglioside. The ganglioside accumulates and damages the brain.

This ------------------------------->
is a triglyceride  =
​One glycerol monomer and three fatty acid monomers

         Enzymes

are you...

break polymers apart into monomers by severing the bond between monomers and using H2O to "seal" the  raw edges. 

Carbohydrates

bond monomers together to form polymers by removing
H , OH  so monomers bond with one another.

btw...we'll explore DNA/RNA in
​Section 3

(C6H12O6)n = polysaccharides

btw...but maybe a good extra credit
on assessment #1

the chemistry of ​organic molecules