If you understand the answers to these questions
       (and have not simply memorized an answer you found on my outline or google),
      you will have met the goals for that section and should do well on the assessment.
                      Please practice writing out your answers to these questions
                                                     in advance of the assessment. 

                                     

               
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                                             Goals: Section 1   
intro to biology:
1. What are five characteristics shared by all living organisms? Are viruses alive? Why or why not?

general chemistry:
2. Describe the structure of an atom. What is meant by an atom's atomic number (what does this number represent)? Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. How are oxygen's electrons distributed? 
3. Why do atoms bond together? (hint: use the octet rule in your answer) 
4. What is an ion? How/why is an ion formed (hint: use electronegativity in your answer)? Why do ions form ionic bonds?
5. What makes a covalent bonds polar?  What makes a covalent bond non-polar? What does it mean when                   a  molecule is then said to be polar or non-polar?
6. What is a hydrogen bond? Why can hydrogen bonds only form between polar molecules? 

biological chemistry:
1. Polymers are composed of smaller molecules called _______. 
2. What is the purpose of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? Describe the steps of these processes.
3. Proteins are polymers composed of monomers called _______. There are twenty different versions of
     this monomer. What makes each of these versions the same/different as the others?    
4. The function of a protein is determined by its structure. How is the structure of a protein determined?  
5. Lipids (triglycerides) are assembled using one________ and three _______. 
    How is a saturated triglyceride (lipid) structurally different from an unsaturated triglyceride? 
7. Describe the structure of the three different types of carbohydrates (mono/di/poly saccharides).
    Give an example of each.
9. Enzymes are catalysts that permit reactions to occur using less ______ and less ______. 
    How do enzymes catalyze reactions? What is the formula for a general enzymatic reaction?
    How do inhibitors affect an enzymatic reaction? Why can't the enzyme that breaks down starch be used to
    break down cellulose? 

cell structure/function:
1. Why don't all cells have the same structure?   
2. Prokaryotic cells:
    a. List two ways Prokaryotic cells (bacteria)  differ from Eukaryotic cells (cells that make up animals, 
         plants, fungus and protists).
​    b.  How does the antibiotic penicillin act to combat a bacterial infection?
3. Eukaryotic cells:
    a. List three structures exhibited by plant cells but not found in animal cells.
     b. Are Fungus more like animals or plants? Defend your answer. 
4. Do you understand the function of the 5 membrane proteins we explored?
​     (channel, carrier, recognition, receptor, adhesion)
     a. How is active and passive transport different?
     b. Explain how a membrane protein might have both channel and receptor functions?    
     c. Can you explain how insulin and neurotransmitters operate as ligands?  
     d. What does tissue matching have to do with recognition proteins?
5. What is the difference between an omnipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cell?
     How are embryonic stem cells harvested?
6. Describe four characteristics exhibited by most cancer cells.

                                                          
general energy mechanics:
1. Explain how endergonic and exergonic reactions are different. Why are these reactions coupled?
2. Explain the first two laws of thermodynamics.  How do these laws relate to how energy is
     processed in an organic system?   
3. Where is energy stored in the food we eat? Would you consider this potential or kinetic energy?
4. Describe the structure of ATP. How does ATP's structure permit this molecule to be used as an efficient energy storage molecule?

cellular respiration:
5. What is the balanced equation (formula) for aerobic cellular respiration?
​     Why does an the left side (reactants) of this equation need to be "balanced" with the right
          side (products) of this equation? 
​6. In cellular respiration:
​         what is the overall purpose of this process?
​         what is the role of the glucose in this process?
​         why does oxygen enter the reaction?
​         why is CO2 produced in this reaction?
​         why is H2O produced in this reaction?
7. Describe glycolysis, the Kreb cycle and the ETC.
    Why does anaerobic respiration produce fewer ATP than aerobic cellular respiration.

​Goals Biology 112 : Section 1   
  1. Describe the process of evolution by natural selection starting with a mutation in the DNA of a single                      organism.
​  2.  

When answering questions on an open ended assessment, it is important to be both
correct AND complete.
Please write out sample answers...the act of writing will help you remember information AND it will give you a head start in practicing assembling answers that are well thought out and meaningful. Read your answers out loud.
​ If it sounds...hmmm, off, it IS off and needs to be reworked.