Control of Respiration

      Respiratory System Pathology

      COPD

 RBC picking up O2/dropping off CO2 in alveoli

   Solubility to pressure: Dalton's Law

hmmm...what's up with that
Hydrogen atom?

      Cystic Fibrosis

 Covid and the ACE2 receptor

      Asthma

 Pulmonary Capacity

   Solubility to pressure: Henry's Law

 The Respiratory System

Sound is made as the vocal folds rhythmically open and close.
As they close, air pressure builds up beneath the larynx. As the folds are pushed apart by this pressure, sound is generated by the repeated movement of the cords releasing the steady flow of air by small increments.
Pitch (frequency...remember the cochlea) is determined by size and tension on the folds. Men average 125 Hz, women 210 Hz, children 300 Hz. Increase production of testosterone in boys during puberty causes the folds to length and thicken, lowering pitch. The cartilage of the larynx also thickens producing a
visible "Adam's apple". 

   Gas pressure to volume: Boyle's Law

 The Reproductive System

      Cancer

  where does the CO2 come from??

      Vaping

  RBCs and hemoglobin

      How is CO2 carried by the blood?
​     CO2 is produced in our tissue cells during metabolism/cellular respiration. The CO2 dissolves in blood plasma and then into the RBCs where it becomes carbonic acid/H2CO3 with the help of an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. The carbonic acid then breaks down into bicarbonate ions/HCO3− and hydrogen/H+. Since cell membranes are impermeable to ions, there has to be a way for RBCs to move bicarbonate across the membrane back into the plasma becasue  the bicarb is carried to the lungs in the plasma NOT in the RBCs. Enter the membrane protein called Band 3 which is an ion exchanger. As bicarbonate levels in the cell rise, the cell takes in chloride Cl- which allows bicarb to leave the cell. This process is called a chloride shift. It keeps the cell electrically "neutral". 
     When the HCO3- (carried in the plasma) reaches the lungs, it needs to recombine with H+ from the hemoglobin to form carbonic acid and then reform into CO2 and H2O. The decrease in RBC bicarbonate reverses the chloride-bicarbonate exchange so the bicarbonate moves INTO the cell via the Band3 protein in exchange for chloride moving OUT. The carbonic anhydrase converts the carbonic acid to CO2 and H2O. then the CO2 can be released into the alveoli to be exhaled...

   Pneumonia

 RBC dropping off O2/picking up CO2 in tissues

  why do you breathe??