Welcome to Dr. Kate Kraus Brilakis' Learning Portal

    Blood Analysis:          Pathology

antibody serum used to test for agglutination

fight viral infections

  Rh antigen absent = (-)

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 1. Leukemia
 2. Sickle Cell Disease
 3. Pernicious Anemia
 4. Eosinophilia

      type A        type B     type AB       type O

fight parasitic infections

       blood cell              antigens
(recognition  proteins)

determine 

blood types

let's look

at RBCs

  Rh antigen present = (+)

Eldon card

  Rh antigen determines
blood type
(+) or (-)

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   human blood

immature RBCs have a nucleus.
as they mature, they enucleate.
the ejected nucleus is engulfed by macrophages. this adaptation allows red blood cells to maximize their oxygen-carrying capacity by fitting in loads of hemoglobin and increases the RBC's flexibility to get through narrow capillaries. 

                                Procedure:
1. Prepare the slide by making a thin blood smear on it
2. Fix the slide with methanol to prevent cell lysis 
3. Stain the smear is stained with Wright's stain 
4. Rinse the slide with distilled water to remove excess stain.
5. Observe the slide using a light microscope

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someWBCs contain granules
Granules 
​are tiny vacuoles  containing enzymes used to defend against pathogens, reduce inflammation and destroy cells.
Granulocytes are part of the
innate immune system 

                                   Applications:
1. analyze blood smears for hematological conditions
2. count/identify white blood cells for diagnosis
3. examine red blood cells for diagnosis
4. detect the presence of parasites 

summary

                               Wright's stain
​ is a hematological stain used to differentiate blood   cell types. The stain is an eosin/methylene blue dye.
       Methylene blue stains nuclei blue/purple
  Eosin stains hemoglobin and granules red/orange

release histamine/heparin

blood type test

below is FYI...

 In today's lab, we'll:
 1. Review blood types (ABO/Rh)
 2. Review ABO/Rh antigen/antibody
      reactions
 3. Determine our blood type
 4. Perform a Wright's stain on a blood smear
 5.  Learn the name/structure and frequency           of five white blood cells (WBCs):
      a. Neutrophils
      b. Lympocytes
      c. Monocytes
      d. Eosinophils
      e. Basophils

anti-A, anti-B and anti-Rh
 antibodies are impregnated on the card.
Blood added to the card will clot if the blood exhibits antigens
on its cell surfaces which bind to the
antibodies on the card.

let's look

at WBCs

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phagocytes fight
​bacterial infection

Parasitic  Infections:
 5. Plasmodium
 6. Trypanosoma

agranular leukocyteshave few or no granules.
Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranular.
B & T lymphocytes (B cells/T cells)
defend the body against specific pathogens and as such confer specific immunity.

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   blood typing and analysis

Wright Stain 

 blood plasma antibodies are the opposite of the blood cell antigens

each RBC contains 270 million hemoglobin molecules...each can carry four oxygen molecules.

fight bacterial infections

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