pressure is proportional to solubility

HCO3 + H  -> H2CO3 -> Co2 + H2O

  RBCs, hemoglobin and oxygen

  pressure in pleural cavity increases as  volume of pleural cavity decreases

how  is CO2 waste transported from the tissues to the lungs?

review question:
explain why you  breathe rapidly when you are scared.

      Cancer

review question:
a pulmonologist might measure your vital capacity. why?

review question:
what are three functions of the respiratory system?

 tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled/exhaled during quiet breathing.

review question:
what is meant by your lungs tidal volume?
how is tidal volume related to inspiratory reserve volume?

vital capacity is the max amount of air you can move during a single respiratory cycle

oxygen picked up by blood...carbon dioxide dropped off

  pressure in pleural cavity decreases as volume of pleural cavity increases

review question:
breathing isn't just about getting oxygen in...it's also about getting CO2 out. explain why?

  pressure is inversely proportional to volume

 gas pressure to volume:
Boyle's Law

review question:
explain what your thoracic pressure and volume has
to do with breathing.

sound is made as vocal folds rhythmically open and close. As they close, air pressure builds up beneath the larynx. As the folds are pushed apart by this pressure, sound is generated by the repeated movement of the cords releasing the steady flow of air by small increments.
Pitch is determined by size and tension on the folds. Men average 125 Hz, women 210 Hz, children 300 Hz. Increase production of testosterone in boys during puberty causes the folds to length and thicken, lowering pitch. 

      Cystic Fibrosis

Expiration/Exhaling:
during regular quiet breathing, expiration is a passive process. 
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. the chest cavity decreases in volume.

Air is forced out.
for forceful exhalation, the internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, and latissimus dorsi 
contract to compress the chest cavity and expel air more forcefully. 

  where does the CO2 come from?

the reverse equation when the carbonic acid in the blood reaches the lungs

 what is the purpose of the oxygen?

review question:
oxygen is carried by a molecule called ___ found in RBCs. 
explain how the majority of CO2  is carried to the lungs from your tissues.

      Respiratory System Pathology

   Pneumonia

Inspiration/Inhalation:
when the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and moves downward.
this increases the volume of the chest cavity and decreases the pressure within the cavity.
Air rushes into the lungs to fill the vacuum. the external intercostals also contract to lift the rib cage
which expands the chest cavity.
In deeeep inhalation, the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles help out to really elevate the rib cage. 

 The Respiratory System

​these are alveoli.
​ alveoli are the areas of gas exchange in the lungs. each alveolus is surrounded by
a capillary bed. 

  where does gas exchange occur in the lungs

      COPD

  why do you breathe??

 CO2 lowers the pH of your blood. How?

the main breathing muscles are the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.
these work together to change the volume of the chest cavity.
the diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs and is the primary muscle for breathing. the intercostals between the ribs elevate the rib cage when you inhale. When you exhale forcefully, abdominal muscles also get involved. 

review question:
explain WHY (on a molecular level) you breathe.

      Vaping

   respiratory system functions

 Covid and the ACE2 receptor

what about singing?!

how do you breathe?

   Solubility to pressure: Henry's Law

 how is respiration controlled?

review question:
explain how you breathe.

      Asthma

                        several factors can affect lung capacity:
age: lung capacity increases to adolescence, plateaus, then declines 
sex: males tend to have higher lung capacities than females. 
body size and build: taller individuals generally have larger lung capacities. 
physical activity: regular exercise can improve lung function and capacity. 
disease: conditions like COPD can affect lung capacities. 

   respiratory system structures 

 Pulmonary Capacity

review question:
gas exchange occurs in the alveoli  in the lungs. how?