antidiuretic hormone

  urinary/excretory system

pathologies

Dialysis

urine contains dissolved solutes such as...

when high blood pressure
is detected by the kidneys,
it triggers  
      vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
which causes the GFR to increase
causing water loss increases
  causing blood volume decreases
   causing blood pressure decreases

review question:
your urinary systems has several functions. describe 3. 

PKD

1. Filtration:
blood enters the nephron's glomerulus, a network of capillaries, where water and small solutes are filtered out of the blood and into the Bowman's capsule, forming a filtrate. 

                              Hormonal Regulation of low blood pressure
1. low blood pressure or decrease in GFR  
2. sympathetic nervous system stimulates kidney to release Renin
4. Renin triggers Angiotensin I formation
5. Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II by ACE
6. Angiotensin II then:
     constricts efferent arterioles
     increases aldosterone production by adrenal glands which increases Na+                   retention = increases blood volume
     stimulates brain's thirst center =  increases fluid intake = blood  volume
     increases ADH production = increases blood volume 
     activates sympathetic system :
             constricts systemic veins
             increases cardiac output
​             further stimulates peripheral  vasoconstriction

when low blood pressure
is detected by the kidneys,
it triggers  
      vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
which causes the GFR to decrease
= water loss decreases
= blood volume increases
   = blood pressure increases

scroll wayyyy down for pathologies

    ADH

review question:
the functional unit of the kidney is called the _____. Explain how this unit filters metabolic wastes from our blood. 

Kidney stones and oxalates:  
Oxalates are found in many foods. They bind to calcium during digestion in the stomach and intestines and leave the body in stool. Oxalate that is not bound to calcium travels as a waste product from the blood to the kidneys where it leaves the body in the urine. There are many different types of kidney stones, but 8 out of 10 stones are calcium oxalate stones. If there is too much oxalate and too little liquid in the urine, calcium oxalate fragments create crystals. As the crystals begin to increase in number, they stick to one another to form a larger crystal known as a kidney stone.

2. Reabsorption:
as the filtrate moves through the renal tubules (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule), essential substances like water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. 

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

review question:
the functional unit of the kidney is called the _____. Explain how this unit filters metabolic wastes from our blood. 

kidney stones

transplanation

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disease. PKD causes cysts to grow inside the kidneys. These cysts make the kidneys much larger than they should be and damage the tissue that the kidneys are made of. PKD causes chronic kidney disease (CKD) , which can lead to kidney failure and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). PKD causes about 2 percent (2 out of every 100) of the cases of kidney failure in the United States each year.

There are two types of PKD: autosomal dominant PKD and autosomal recessive PKD. Autosomal dominant PKD causes cysts only in the kidneys. It is often called “adult PKD,” because people with this type of PKD might not notice any symptoms until they are between 30 and 50 years old. Autosomal recessive PKD causes cysts to grow in both the kidneys and the liver. Autosomal recessive PKD is often called infantile PKD because babies can show signs of the disease in their first few months of life.

Chronic Kidney Disease

    regulation of GFR = glomerular filtration rate
​and blood pressure

3. Secretion: 
​waste products and excess ions are secreted from the blood into the filtrate, further purifying the blood and regulating its composition. 

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are pretty common infections that happen when bacteria (likely from the skin or rectum) enter the urethra and infect the urinary tract. The most common type is a bladder infection (cystitis). Kidney infection (pyelonephritis) is another type of UTI. They’re less common, but more serious than bladder infections.

4. Excretion:
remaining fluid is now considered urine which contains waste,
and excess water and electrolytes.
urine is excreted from the body via the collecting duct and ureter.