transplant rejection
mitosis is a type of cell division where one cell divides into two new "daughter" cells, each 2n and genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell.
mitosis occurs for growth, repair, and replacement
clinical/non-clinical drugs and neurotransmitter action
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
Autoimmune diseases
occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues because it doesn't "recognize" the recognition proteins on its own cells. , This leads to chronic inflammation and damage.
neurotransmitters relay information from one cell to another across a synapse separating the two cells.
insulin triggers the cell to insert GLUT channels into the membrane allowing glucose to enter the cell
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that binds to specialized dopamine receptors on a post synaptic neuron. Transporter proteins remove dopamine from the synapse to be recycled for future use. Dopamine triggers feelings of pleasure, excitement, and motivation and is driven by the brain's reward system.
4. Cell Membrane Adhesion Proteins
form connections between cells and between cells and their extracellular matrix.
Stem Cells:
1. totipotent 2. pluripotent 3. multipotent
btw...what's exocytosis?
Cell Division: Mitosis
3. Cell Membrane Recognition proteins
are also called antigens,
Major Histocompatibility Proteins (MHC’s) or Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs).
We all have a unique set of these proteins on the surface of our cells.
They permit your immune system to identify which cells belong to you vs those that do not.
This way your immune system can recognize pathogens like bacteria or viruses.
transport proteins may be:
1. always open
OR
2. gated
a. ligand gated: require a ligand molecule to bind to it to open the channel
b. mechanically gated: require pressure to pop open channel
c. voltage gated: requires an electrical impulse to trigger it to open
Transport Protein: Channel
without insulin, glucose cannot enter the cell
1. increased angiogenesis
SSRI = Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
SSRIs like Prozac, Zoloft and Lexapro
work to maintain normal levels of serotonin
SSRIs are commonly called anti-depressants
Cancer = unregulated mitosis
example: insulin
Transport Protein: Carrier
energy
output required
by cell
cells!
replace one fatty acid with one phosphate group
no energy
output required
by cell
the biochemistry of addiction
Cancer cells exhibit:
1. increased angiogenesis 2. abnormal nuclei 3. lack of contact inhibition 4.lack of differentiation
a very dynamic phospholipid bilayer
hydrophobic
fatty acids
apoptosis
membrane recognition proteins are also called antigens.
Our immune system is wired to recognize antigens that don't belong in our bodies, like those found on the surface of bacterial cells or virus. However, this immune response can be a problem during organ transplantation. In order to try to transplant an organ or tissue from one person to another, the donor must be a close match with regards to these antigens.
Stem Cells
improper cell adhesion results in many diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis and cancer. cancer cells have few adhesion proteins which allow these cells to mess up tissue structure and metastasize to other tissues.
Welcome to Dr. Kate Brilakis' Learning Portal
4. a lack of differentiation
what IS a phospholipid?
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Cocaine acts by binding to the dopamine transporter, blocking the removal of dopamine from the synapse. As dopamine accumulates in the synapse, it amplifies the neurotransmitter's actions.
1. Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
are proteins which permit ions or molecules to enter/exit the cell via passive or active tranport.
cell membrane proteins:
1. transport 2. receptor 3. recognition 4. adhesion
each of your cells (except egg/sperm) has two sets of chromosomes = 2n. One set is derived from your mom's egg and the other set derived from your dad' sperm. Each pair of chromosomes is numbered based on it's size.
2. Cell Membrane Receptor Proteins
permit hormones or neurotransmitters to attach to the surface of a cell.
Hormones and neurotransmitters are calledligands.
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein, the activity of the cell to which it binds is altered. This is called signal transduction. Receptors are specific. There are different receptors
for different ligands. One cell might have 20 different types of receptors while another might have just one. The type of receptor a target cell displays determines what type of hormone or neurotransmitter can affect (or not affect) the cell.
3. a lack of contact inhibition
let's explore :
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm
mitochondria
vesicle/vacuole
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
golgi apparatus
ribosome
nucleus
plasma (cell) membrane
new cancer therapies
2. abnormal nuclei
cell adhesion proteins permit cells to stick to one another and/or to the extracellular matrix. these molecules are essential for cell to cell communication and play a rile in cellular reproduction and differentiation.
clinical depression
=
neurotransmitter deficiency
active transport
serotonin is a neurotransmitter
hydrophilic phosphate
SNRIs are serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
b. if ligand is a neurotransmitter
37,000,000,000,000 cells in the human body
a. if ligand is a hormone
...but there are also 40,000,000,000,000 bacterial cells in the human body
1. Totipotent stem cells can form all the cell types in a body, plus the cells that form the placenta. Only embryonic cells within the first couple of cell
divisions after fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent.
2. Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body;
stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastula are
considered pluripotent.
3. Multipotent stem cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are much
more limited than pluripotent cells; adult stem cells and cord blood
stem cells are considered multipotent.
100,000,000,000,000 atoms
in each human cell
The Endocannabinoid (EC) System
Cannabinoids are naturally occurring molecules.
They interact with neuron receptors in a sort of backward way. Cannabinoids are released by postsynaptic neurons and travel to the presynaptic neuron where they attach to cannabinoid receptors to modulate that neurons release of neurotransmitters. By acting on presynaptic cells, they act as a “dimmer switch” for these neurons, reducing the amount of neurotransmitter they release.
THC from marijuana overtakes the EC system by attaching to cannabinoid receptors throughout the brain and other parts of the body, interfering with the fine tuning of the naturally occurring cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptors are all over the body so THC intake results in many alterations throughout the body.
(Cannabis sativa's active ingredient = delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC))
Mesenchymal (adult/non-embryonmic) Stem Cells
are multipotent:
1. Bone marrow is the main source of MSCs
(multipotent SC)
2. Cord cells/hematopoietic stem cells
3. Tooth bud of 3rd mandibular molar
4. Amniotic fluid/placental cells
the cell membrane
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
cell-based gene therapy alters the genes of a person's T cells to fight specific cancers.
passive transport
pluripotent stem cells in medical research
A person’s HLA complex is genetically inherited from their parents (50% from each parent), so you are more likely to have stronger matches with your siblings than with a random member of the population. Each pair of siblings still only has a 25% chance of matching perfectly. Having a perfect match with an unrelated person is < 1 in 100,000.
Thus, the closer the match between two people (think identical twins), the less likely the recipient’s immune system will attack the donor’s cells.