The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the 
secretions from the bile duct and pancreatic duct into small intestine. This sphincter opens when food is present.

step 1:
​glycolysis

Intestinal crypts with Panneth Cells
the secretions produced by Paneth cells contain
antimicrobials that can regulate the composition of our intestinal flora. 

regulation of digestion

small intestine

 Digestive System
 Histology

nutrient absorption and processing

glucose = monomer 

lipogenesis requires
​essential fatty acids

< urinary system

digestive "juices"

IBS

   Digestive System

Over the lips through the gums look out stomach here it comes...

 glycogenolysis = liberation of glucose from a polysaccharide (glycogen)
 gluconeogenesis = production of glucose from non-glucose sources like amino acids and fats

large intestine

Peristalsis

amino acids = monomers 

Hydrogen's  electron completes a  series of redox rx. energy from these reactions
is used to generate ATP.
last reaction is H + O to form water

one glucose (6C) broken down
2 pyruvates produced (3C each)

lactose intolerance

starch =  polysaccharide = polymer 

electron ​ transport chain

gluten intolerance/
​celiac disease

Glucose for cellular respiration comes from sugars and starches you eat AND can be made from other sources when glucose is not available.

polymer 

monomers are used to build polymers...
polymers are broken down into monomers

sphincters

ATP produced

stomach ulcers

ATP produced

digestive system pathology

Phases of digestion:
1. cephalic
2. gastric
3. intestinal

triglyceride (lipid) = polymer 

enzymatic digestion of polymers

 protein digestion releases amino acids including 7 essential aa. All 20 amino acids are used to synthesize new proteins.
​when aas are catabolized, urea is released.

deamination

accessory organs:
the liver

kerb cycle

diverticulitis

crohn's disease

ATP produced

hepatocytes are the cells along the cell plate

gut/brain connection

accessory organs:
​the pancreas

lipid metabolism

esophagus

cirrhosis

 Digestive System
 Membranes

glycerol and fatty acids = monomers 

stomach

2 pyruvates (3C each)
​broken down 
6CO2 produced
H carried to next step

cellular respiration
catabolizes glucose and anabolizes ATP

intestinal polyps

monomer 

protein synthesis requires
​essential amino acids

movement of monomers into circulation

GIP = gastric inhibitory polypeptide (also glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) is a hormone secreted by cells of the intestinal mucosa. It blocks the secretion of stomach HCl and stimulates the release of insulin by the pancreas.
 
​CCK = cholecystokinin is a hormone secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine that reduces the release of chyme from stomach, stimulates the production of bile and stimulates the release of pancreatic juices by pancreas.

​Secretin = released in response to acid in the small intestine. It stimulates the pancreas and bile ducts to release bicarbonates which neutralizes the acid.

​VIP = vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates the secretion of water and electrolytes, relaxes smooth muscle, dilates blood vessels...all increases motility through intestine.

gut microbiome imbalance

polypeptide/protein = polymer