lactose intolerance

   review question:

what are the functions of the large intestine?

starch =  polysaccharide = polymer 

sphincters

step 3:
​electron ​ transport chain

 two main functions: 

blood sugar regulation: acts as
an endocrine gland by producing
 insulin/glucagon hormones
digestion: acts as an exocrine gland producing enzymes for digestion

   review question:

what are the functions of the small intestine?

2 pyruvates (3C each)
​broken down 
6CO2 produced
H carried to next step

   review question:

what are the functions of the stomach?

energy released from breaking the bonds between the atoms that make up glucose is transferred to the bonds that
​convert ADP to ATP

cellular respiration
catabolizes glucose and anabolizes ATP

   review question:

what is your gut microbiome?

Why is it so important?

   review question:
​list the three salivary glands.

 protein digestion
​releases amino acids including 7 essential aa. All 20 amino acids are used to synthesize new proteins.
​when aas are catabolized, urea is released.

deamination

   review question:

what is the function of the hepatic portal system? how does this system operate?

accessory organs:
the liver

large intestine

   review question:
​What are the four functions of the digestive system?

monomer 

   review question:
​why is the histology of the esophagus different from that of the small intestine?

   review question:

what is the function of the vagus nerve?

gluten intolerance/
​celiac disease

Glucose for cellular respiration comes from sugars and starches you eat AND can be made from other sources when glucose is not available.

   review question:

if you smell an amazing bakery, why does your mouth water and stomach start secreting juices?

intestinal phase:
gastric activity inhibited as duodenum processes chyme.

   review question:

what is peristalsis?

polymer 

monomers are used to build polymers...
polymers are broken down into monomers

lipid metabolism

​Secretin
hormone that stimulates the ​pancreas and bile ducts to release bicarbonates to neutralize the HCl

step 2:
​kerb cycle

   review question:

your pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. explain how.

   review question:

how does the endocrine system control digestion? 

esophagus

protein synthesis requires
​essential amino acids

stomach action

below is FYI...

top to bottom...

diverticulitis

gut/brain connection

   review question:

what role does the lower esophageal sphincter  sphincter play in digestion?

movement of monomers into circulation

gastrin:
hormone produced by the stomach which stimulates the secretion of gastric acid (HCl)

 100 million neurons!

   review question:

list two gastric "juices", where they are produced and their function.

   review question:
​the membrane which covers the viscera (guts) are called ___ while the membranes that line the peritoneal cavity are called ___.

   review question:

what role does the pyloric sphincter play in digestion?

The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the 
secretions from the bile duct and pancreatic duct into small intestine. This sphincter opens when food is present.

step 1:
​glycolysis

vitamins

intestinal secretions contain
antimicrobials that can regulate the composition of our intestinal flora. 

phases of digestion

   review question:

sphincters control the movement of materials from one area to the next.
why would this be necessary?

 Digestive System
 Histology

   review question:

what is the link between  your parasympathetic nervous system and pooping...ok, its officially called defecation.

crohn's disease

 Digestive System
 Membranes

glycerol and fatty acids = monomers 

gut microbiome imbalance

   review question:
​how does saliva aid in deigestion?

stomach ulcers

digestive system pathology

there are 13 recognized vitamins defined as an organic compound required but not synthesized by an organism 

GIP = gastric inhibitory polypeptide
hormone secreted by intestine that stops the secretion of stomach HCl.

hepatocytes = liver cells

Over the lips through the gums look out stomach here it comes...

the vagus nerve: cranial nerve X

lipids and cholesterol

   review question:

what is the enteric nervous system?

polypeptide/protein = polymer 

regulation of digestion: endocrine

triglyceride (lipid) = polymer 

stomach

accessory organs: ​the pancreas

small intestine

nutrient absorption and processing

glucose = monomer 

lipogenesis requires
​essential fatty acids

IBS

one glucose (6C) broken down
2 pyruvates produced (3C each)

cephalic phase: vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretions in anticipation of eating.

enzymatic digestion of polymers

digestion starts with saliva and mastication

regulation of digestion: neural

absorbtion of nutrients

the goal of cellular respiration is to produce ATP

   Digestive System

​parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems
 thought, sight, smell, of food; distension of stomach, chemoreceptors, pH leads to release of secretions to prep stomach for food

sympathetic shuts off digestion...parasympathetic activates it

urea

digestive "juices"

swallowing

 glycogenolysis = liberation of glucose from a polysaccharide (glycogen)
 gluconeogenesis = production of glucose from non-glucose sources like amino acids and fats

what's Peristalsis

​CCK = cholecystokinin
​hormone secreted by the small intestinal that stimulates the release of bile by the gall bladder/liver and the release of pancreatic juices by pancreas.

   review question:
​when you swallow, how come food doesn't get into your nasal cavity or your trachea?

amino acids = monomers 

gastric phase:
​food stretching the stomach stimulates acid and enzyme secrretions

Hydrogen's  electron completes a  series of redox rx. energy from these reactions
is used to generate ATP.
last reaction is H + O to form water